The Injustice Of Our Prison System - 2720 Words

The injustice of our prison system In many cases we are forced to believe that the prison system is fair and equal to all, although that may not be the case. The prison system at first glance seems fair and equal but after looking closer you will find many times it’s not fair at all. For example, â€Å"an African American male could spend more time in jail for possession of crack than a white man with the same amount of powder cocaine† (Harmon 372). This is just one example of how society has been taken advantage of in the prison system. Some people are subject to years in prison although they should not be while others enjoy life even though they should be in prison. The injustice in the sentencing of prisoners is an ongoing problem in society, as some criminals get of easy for horrible crimes others criminals suffer unfairly all because of color of their skin. The phrase â€Å"if you do the crime you pay the time† has been around for years but what does it really mean? If you do a crime should you take whatever sentence the court gives you? This is a question that has ruled the justice system for years but the answer is one that is not so simple. It is taught to us even at a young age that if you do something wrong you should be punished for it. Most of us learned that if we do something wrong we are going to get what we deserve punishment wise. That may be true in many cases but it is not always true in the prison and justice system. Our country’s judicial branch is one toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Aspects of Social Injustice in The Shawshank Redemption1062 Words   |  5 Pagespotential to its fullest. Indeed, a considerable number of features considered characteristics of our kind could have only been developed within the boundaries of society and are found nowhere else in the world of living organisms. However, society may not always be the best platform for the development of one’s individuality. Sometimes people are not treated in a correct manner, which gives rise to social injustice. Art, in numerous forms, has been reflecting this unpleasant phenomenon for many centuriesRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States979 Words   |  4 Pagesincarceration in the world. The prison population has increased from 300,000 people in the early 1970s to 2.3 million people today† (15). Is United States is a modern country that doesn’t serve justice to her citizen? 2.3 million of prisoners are just embarrassing the whole country. You might want to know how bad the justice system is and how the heck cause 2.3 million prisoners to be in prison. Our system is define by an error; which serve justice to the rich and injustice to the poor. It’s common toRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States980 Words   |  4 Pagesincarceration in the world. The prison population has increased from 300,000 people in the early 1970s to 2.3 million people today† (15). United States is a modern country that doesn’t serve justice to her citizen? 2.3 million prisoners are just embarrassing the whole country. You might want to know how bad the justice system is and how the heck cause 2.3 million prisoners to be in prison. Our system is defined by an error; which serve justice to the rich and injustice to the poor. It’s common to knowRead MoreSummary Of Elizabeth Barrett-Browning And Oscar Wildes Poetry Aloud1073 Words   |  5 Pagesin Victorian England. Wi thin the pantheon of Victorian poets, Elizabeth Barrett- Browning and Oscar Wilde illustrated this changeable nature of Victorian England through attempting to transform the values contemporary to their time by challenging injustices within their society. As an era of emerging industrialisation and suppressive puritanical values, Browning and Wilde called for societal and legislative change through accentuating the suffering experienced by oppressed minorities in attempts toRead MoreThe Criminal State of Mind1681 Words   |  7 PagesCrime is a violation of the criminal law, and it is also related to sociology because it is an action that society considers wrong to do. The current state of mind of the criminal can also affect the intention of the crime. The most common crimes in our society are burglary and robbery. These are two different types of crimes. Burglary is the act of stealing without any violence, and robbery is the act of stealing with the force or threat of violence. The terms Actus Reus (guilty act) and Mens ReaRead MoreStigma Against The Black Community Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative stigma against the Black Community as a whole embedded into the American penal system. Stories about police officers shooting young, unarmed black men flood television screens and social media timelines while young black boys are left to wonder if they are next, left to wonder if they will be the next news headline or trending hashtag. In A Question of Freedom, a young Dwayne Betts faces the injustices of prison as a young, black male who was treated as an adult in the eyes of the law. He is forcedRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 Pagesabout 25% of the worlds prison population (Holland 1), â€Å"if those rates reflected jail, probation and parole populations, the numbers would rise exponentially†(Griffith 9). Statics show that there is a chance that about 1 in 3 black males are expected end up in p rison (Jacobson). Although, in terms of the entire United States population African Americans only make up about 13% (Prison Activist Resource Center. Racism Fact Sheets: â€Å" Latinos and the Criminal Injustice System.† 2003). There is a hugeRead MoreRace And The American Criminal Justice System868 Words   |  4 Pagesis a serious problem with our justice system. It is not a secret that people are judged by the color of their skin, ethnicity and in some cases by religious beliefs. I strongly believe that race affects how an individual is persived/ treated and it plays an important role in the American Criminal Justice Unfortunately, race plays an important role in the American Criminal Justice System. This issue exist in other countries and societies too. The American Justice System is not an exception of thisRead MoreRace And The American Criminal Justice System888 Words   |  4 Pagesis a serious problem with our justice system. It is not a secret that people are ju dged by the color of their skin, ethnicity and in some cases by religious beliefs. I strongly believe that race affects how an individual is perceived/ treated and it plays an important role in the American criminal justice. Unfortunately, race plays an important role in the American criminal justice system, also this issue exists in other countries and societies. The American justice system is not an exception of thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Lauryn Hill Mystery Of Iniquity1321 Words   |  6 Pagessongwriter, singer and rapper from New Jersey expresses her strong emotion on the justice and legal system in her song, Mystery of Iniquity. The Mystery of Iniquity is a verse taken from the bible; 2 Thessalonians 2:7. The word iniquity means immoral or grossly unfair behavior. In her song, she exposes her truth and views of the legal system. She touches on multiple topics such as religion, policing, court systems and orders, the president, and the amount of African Americans incarcerated. T his song was released

The Other Wes Moore Essay - 1111 Words

Jesse Smith Prof. Lisa Rochford English 1A 03 August 2017 Final Research Paper Parents experiencing poverty may struggle to provide for their children and can become very stressed from dealing with the monotonous monetary requirements. Within poverty stricken households extreme variations of parenting and guidance can be observed, from little to no presence or direction, all the way to the other side of the spectrum with severe overreactions. â€Å"Higher levels of stress negatively affect parenting style, and these parents tend to be more authoritarian or inconsistent.† (Katz, 18) Family structures, living environments, mental health, personalities, and educational backgrounds are all likely to be contributing factor to both parenting†¦show more content†¦One grows up quick when one grows up poor; inmate Wes Moore is a prime example of how youth is pressured to deal with real issues from a very young age.Living within poverty, inmate Wes Moore believed he needed to step up to the plate and financially provide for his mother and family. Howeve r even after making strides towards an honest living through the Job Corps and vocational classes, Wes would be allured back by the money from the hustle. â€Å"The pressure was breaking Wes down. Alicia complained that he was not giving her enough money to provide for the kids they shared. Cheryl was now constantly calling him about wanting more time with the kids-which meant she wanted more money to take care of them. His mother needed more money because she was raising both Wes’s and Tony’s kids. Wes banged his fists against the top of his head as his elbows rested on the kitchen table. While at the Job Corps Center, Wes had felt his problems floating off in the soft county air of Laurel. A year after graduating, he realized they had not disappeared-they’d simply returned to Baltimore, waiting for him to come back. In his absence, they’d compounded.†(Moore 145) Wes believed that the only possible way to generate enough cashflow to help support h is family was to get back into the game, start cooking dope in the kitchen, and selling rock to the crackheads on the streets. This is the kind of lifestyle that children inShow MoreRelatedThe Other Wes Moore Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe Other Wes Moore’s Profile Essay A person’s success or failure can be determined by their environment, education, choices; a number of different things. The autobiography The Other Wes Moore takes a look at two boys with the same name and eerily similar circumstances who end up in very different places in life. Wes Moore spoke at convocation about his book and what he hoped that people would get from it. In the book he says â€Å"The chilling truth is that his story could have been mine. The tragedyRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I sat back, allowing Wess words to sink in. Then I responded, I guess its hard sometimes to distinguish between second chances and last chances(Page 67). In The Other Wes Moore the environment of both Wes Moores were completely different from each other. They both made some stupid decisions over time but who is perfect? It is expected of everyone to make some mistakes, in my opinion the main influence on their choices came from their environment. In their environment they had peers that wouldRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore Essay751 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor, Wes Moore, begins life in a tough Baltimore neighborhood and ends up a Rhodes Scholar, Wall Streeter, White House Fellow, etc. The other Wes Moore starts in the same place in Baltimore but ends up in prison FOR LIFE. The parallels in their stories arent quite as compelling as they may appear initially. For example, the other Wes Moore spends a number of his developmental years living in the Bronx, NY, whereas his namesake never leaves Baltimore and its suburbs. Though Wes MooreRead MoreOther Wes Moore Essay707 Words   |  3 Pages The Other Wes Moore tells a story of two young men growing up in similar situations. No father, kipping class, drug influence some situations the Wes Moore’s have to deal with, however one ends up a road scholar and influential author the other ends up in prison serving life. This book is a prime example of how certain choices can determine the rest of one’s life. Personal responsibility, self sufficiency and citizen leader ship are boldly highlighted and brought to life in this work. Wes MooreRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages The Other Wes Moore In the book, The Other Wes Moore it is difficult to believe the great similarities in the lives of the two Moores, who share a name and other aspects of life. The two were raised fatherless and were born in the late 1970’s in the neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. They also happen to have encountered similar experiences when growing up, but at one point one of them became a criminal and the other a scholar (the author of the book). The author of the book seems to be interestedRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagescelestial object that controls our fates, but rather our decisions that morph us into the individuals we become. Similarly, The Other Wes Moore written by Wes Moore, features an identical theme regarding choices and how they affect our lives: two adolescents with remarkably similar backgrounds living two drastically different lives due to their judgement. Particularly through the other Wes Moore character, the author puts emphasis on his deep-s eeded desire for wealth in order to maintain his imageRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesIntrinsic and extrinsic factors like family, expectations, perseverance, and motivation impact the way a person turns out to be. In the novel, The Other Wes Moore, by Wes Moore, the author speaks about another man with the same name that grew up in the same area and compares how they went in different paths based upon intrinsic and extrinsic factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The author illustrates in the text that the extrinsic factors of family and expectations, as well as, perseverance and motivation, have the mostRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore: The Impact of Family Essay examples1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Other Wes Moore: The Impact of Family Many people would say we are all just products of our environment. For two young boys from Baltimore, this could not be truer. In â€Å"The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates,† written by Wes Moore, two fatherless, young boys growing up in the same neighborhood with the same name, end up on two entirely different paths of life. The author becomes a Rhodes Scholar, college graduate, veteran, and much more, while the â€Å"other† Wes gets deeply involved with theRead MoreEssay on The Other Wes Moore Outline – Compare and Contrast646 Words   |  3 Pagescompletely different? b. In â€Å"The Other Wes Moore† the story shows how the Author Wes Moore and the Other Wes Moore are both similar, but also unmistakably different. â€Å"Your farther wasn’t there because he couldn’t be, my father wasn’t there because he chose not to be. We’re going to mourn their absence in different ways.† c. The absence or presence of a parent can make or break a person. II. Paragraph #1: d. Although Wes and the other Wes Moore both grew up in the same city aroundRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore One Name Two Fates Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesThe book The Other Wes Moore One Name, Two Fates was written by Wes Moore. The novel consists of two boys who had an identical name: Wes Moore. One gets to experience things he never thought of and the other we will be behind bars until death for a robbery. In this novel, it really shows the difference between the two and how they grew up. They grew up at the same time, on the same streets, and with the same name. Their stories came together and one helped the other. It was a large story that consists

Public Health Issue Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(132) " links between want and type 2 diabetes are less clear as there is less information available on diabetes and want related results\." This assignment will turn to the public wellness issue of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus ( diabetes ) and explore links with wellness inequalities both nationally and locally. It will discourse the models available which give counsel for criterions of attention for diabetes patients and their influence on diabetes attention. It will so critically discourse the issue of diabetes direction in relation to patient instruction and the ability of patients to self-manage their chronic long-run status, measuring both the function of both healthcare professionals and persons in accomplishing the best possible healthy results. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health Issue Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will so discourse whether all people get the same degree of diabetes attention, in peculiar focussing on people who are non able to go to GP surgeries. Public wellness is defined as â€Å" The scientific discipline and art of promoting and protecting wellness and well-being, forestalling sick wellness and protracting life through the organized attempts of society † ( Faculty of Public Health 2008 ) . Health equality is a cardinal component of societal justness and as such justifies the authorities and other wellness bureaus to work in coaction to develop wellness policies which improve the populace ‘s wellness regardless of societal category, income, gender or ethnicity through advancing healthier life styles and protecting them from infective diseases and environmental jeopardies ( Griffiths A ; Hunter 2007 ) . Yet many wellness inequalities still exist in the UK, some of which will be discussed in this paper. There are preponderantly two types of diabetes mellitus ( diabetes ) ; type 1 diabetes occurs when the organic structure does non bring forth any insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when the organic structure does non bring forth adequate insulin to work decently or when the organic structure cells do non respond to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common and histories for around 90 five per cent of people with diabetes. If left untreated both types of diabetes can take to farther complications which include bosom disease, shot, sightlessness, and kidney failure ( Who 2011 ) . Life anticipation is reduced by up to 10 old ages in those with this type of disease ( Whittaker, 2004 ) . In the bulk of instances, type 2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle alterations such as eating healthier, weight loss, and increasing physical exercising ( Diabetes UK, 2007b ) . There are presently 2.6 million people in theA UKA with diabetes, and it is thought up to a farther 1.1 million are undiagnosed. ( DiabetesA UK, 2010 ) .A Other grounds suggests that approx 50 % of people are non cognizant they have the status, populating a normal life with lone mild symptoms ( mention ) . Work force are twice more likely to hold undiagnosed diabetes, than adult females, possible because on norm they tend to see their GP lupus erythematosus ( Nursingtimes.net 2009 ) . Diabetes is one of the most widespread chronic diseases, which is potentially life endangering. It is presently thought to be the taking 4th disease doing decease in most developed states worldwide with estimated prevalence of 285 million people. Most experts agree that more than 4 million people in the UK will hold Type 2 diabetes by 2025 with potentially 5.5 million life with this chronic status by 2030 ( Diabetes UK 2010, and International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) 2010 ) . These statistics are galvanizing ; type 2 diabetes is one of the biggest challenges confronting the UK today with people frequently treated wholly by the National Health Service ( NHS ) who provide attention for all degrees of diabetes. Diabetess control is considered hapless in Europe with the UK being identified as holding the worst control. The grounds for this are non clearly identified. However what is clear is the possible impact on people in footings of complications and shorter lives ( Liebl et al 2002 ) . Peoples with diabetes who have complications cost the NHS 3.5 times more than people who have no grounds of complications ( IDF 2006 ) . The NHS presently spends about 10 % of its entire resources on diabetes, which equates to ?286 per second. This places a important drain on resources which will potentially lift in line with the turning prevalence of diabetes and associated complications unless alternate ways to cut down the load of the disease can be found Diabetes.co.uk ) . There are many grounds for the turning prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK, two of the chief 1s being the modernization of industrialization and urbanization, which has changed people ‘s life styles and eating wonts and caused and escalation in fleshiness ( Helms et al 2003 ) . Diabetes and fleshiness are closely linked ; 80 per centum of patients diagnosed with diabetes are corpulent at the clip of diagnosing ( Diabetes UK, 2006 ) . Kazmi and Taylor ( 2009 ) agree and say type 2 diabetes can be linked to genetic sciences, although increased degrees are more likely to be attributable to obesity ensuing from a lessening in physical exercising and westernised diets. A 2008 study highlighted the UK as holding the highest fleshiness degrees in Europe, presently 24 % of grownups are considered corpulent which tends to increase with age. ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2010 ) . However this figure should be treated with cautiousness as England is one of t he few states who uses existent measurings of weight and tallness, other states preferring to utilize ego reported steps. The UK has an increasing aged population which combined with lifting degrees of fleshiness is likely to farther addition type 2 diabetes prevalence ( DH2010 ) . The links between socioeconomic want and sick wellness are good established ( Yamey 1999, Acheson 1998, Chaturvedi 2004 ) . This can be observed within the UK, as type 2 diabetes does non impact all societal groups every bit, it is more prevailing in people over 40, minority cultural groups, and hapless people ( The National Service Framework ( NSF ) for Diabetes ) . Several surveies have established people with type 2 diabetes populating in deprive countries suffer higher morbidity and mortality rates than those in more flush countries. ( Roper et al 2001, Wilde et al 2008, Bachhmann 2003 ) . However globally the links between want and type 2 diabetes are less clear as there is less information available on diabetes and want related results. You read "Public Health Issue Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" In struggle with the UK, surveies in Finland, Italy and Ireland found no important fluctuations in different socioeconomic groups ( Gnavi et al 2004, O’Conner 2006 ) . Reasons which may hold negated the impact on socioeconomic want may hold been due to differences such in the population studied, wellness attention bringing or available interventions. Linkss between want and type 2 diabetes appear apparent in the vicinity of Derbyshire. All but three local countries in Derbyshire have a diabetes and fleshiness degrees which are significantly worse than the England norm ( Derbyshire County Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) 2008 ) . In Derbyshire there are clear important fluctuations in degrees of want, High Peak has really small want, and yet Bolsover is in the 20 per cent most disadvantaged countries in England, with 30 two per cent of people populating in poorness and mortality and morbidity degrees significantly worse than the England norm ( Bolsover District Financial Inclusion Strategy 2009 ) . These worrying degrees have triggered the Department of Health to declare Bolsover a Spearhead country for betterment ( DH 2009, Derbyshire PCT 2008 ) . Some stairss have been taken in Bolsover to cut down morbidity and mortality rates by presenting healthy enterprises aimed at bettering people ‘s life manners ( Bolsover 2010 ) . Howeve r, although morbidity and mortality rates have reduced over the last 10 old ages they remain significantly higher than the England norm ( Bolsover District Financial Inclusion Strategy 2009 ) . Derbyshire has a turning aged population ( Derbyshire PCT 2008 ) . This together with proved links of degrees of fleshiness lifting with age would propose a future addition in degrees of diabetes. Diabetess is a national precedence and Derbyshire has a higher than England mean prevalence, but the local NHS scheme ( 2008 ) does non stipulate diabetes as a cardinal precedence. This may be a factor why Derbyshire is neglecting to run into its marks to cut downing morbidity and mortality by 10 per cent by 2010 in the poorest countries of Derbyshire ( DH 2009 ) . Models and policies exist to give counsel on criterions of attention, better the quality of life and life anticipation of people with diabetes and decrease the fiscal load on wellness services. ( Reference x2 ) . In response to European influence the NHS program ( 2000 ) set out counsel for modernizing services, raising criterions and traveling towards patient centred attention. Subsequently the NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) was published which lineations twelve criterions of attention aimed at presenting improved services and cut downing inequalities over a 10 twelvemonth period with the ultimate vision of people enduring with diabetes having a universe category service in the UK by 2013. This model was followed by the NSF for Diabetes: Delivery Strategy ( 2003 ) which gives counsel on how the NSF for diabetes could be achieved. Models are a utile lineation for action and set out clear ends and marks, but do non turn to the societal, economical and environmental causes of sick wellness or take history of available fiscal and staffing resources ( Reference from book ) . The NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) appears to back up this statement ; other than retinal showing, no support was ab initio made available to implement the 12 criterions ( Cavan 2005 ) . The handiness of this support will hold been important in the accomplishment of one hundred per cent of people with diabetes now being offered this service ( English National Screening Programme for Diabetic Retinopathy, 2009 ) . It was n’t until 2004 the Quality Outcome Framework offered fiscal wagess to run into other marks within the NSF, for case maintaining practiced based registries of people with diabetes, to enable primary attention suppliers to supply proactive attention ( NHS 2004 ) . Ten old ages on this model is still believable and sets the ‘gold criterion ‘ of attention for patients with diabetes in the UK ( NICE 2000 ) which would look to be an outstanding accomplishment. There have been important betterments in caring for people with diabetes since it was published. However, it could be criticised that some criterions are non enforceable until 2013 ( NSF 2001 ) . Numerous publications have followed the NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) in an effort to give counsel for wellness professionals to follow ( Nice 2004, NICE 2008, NICE 2009, RCN, NMC ) . These models are non intended to work in isolation but collaborate with each other at different degrees, whilst trying to bring forth a quality wellness service ( Reference ) . . The chief grounds for the oncoming of diabetes and hazard of farther complications is due to suboptimal wellness relation behavior which include small physical activity, high Calorie consumption and insufficiency to keep good glucose control and it is said persons with diabetes play a cardinal function in finding their ain wellness position ( Clarke 2008 Reference 1 ) . Whittaker ( 2004 ) concurs and says that much of the load relating to care prevarications with persons themselves. Patient instruction is seen as cardinal in the intervention of diabetes to guarantee the best possible healthy results for persons ( Alexander et al, 2006, Brooker A ; Nicol 2003, Walsh, 2002 ) . Standard 3 of the NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) clearly demonstrates a move off from medical attention to promote persons to take duty for their ain wellness but besides places the burden on wellness attention professionals to educate, support and empower people to enable them to efficaciously care for themselves. T he recent Public Health Whitepaper ( 2010 ) endorses future health care services should concentrate on health instead than handling disease and supports authorising people to set some attempt into remaining good. It acknowledges health care services merely contribute to one tierce of betterment made to life anticipation saying that a alteration in life style and taking wellness inequalities contribute to the staying two tierces. Giving people the accomplishments, cognition and tools to take control of their ain wellness logical as people with diabetes spend an norm of 3 hours per twelvemonth with their healthcare professional and around 8700 hours pull offing themselves ( Ref N3. For illustration there is much grounds reasoning that keeping blood glucose degrees as near to normal as possible slows down the patterned advance of long term complications and if patients can be empowered to take control of their diabetes, non merely will it increase the persons quality of life but beside s cut down the fiscal load on the NHS. ( Whittaker, 2004 ) . ( Ref: 4.1, 4.2 ) . The Diabetes Year of Care programme ( 2008 ) has been developed to assist health care professionals move off from a paternal attack to care be aftering to a more individualized attack for people with chronic long term conditions. This attack involves both healthcare professionals and patients working together to prioritize single demands. Helmore ( 2009 ) agrees that a individualized attack to care be aftering which should be holistic and include the individual ‘s societal fortunes, will authorise patients to take a cardinal function in their ain health care and suggests that nurses and patients should work together to put ends the patient can work towards which would include self attention and the services they will utilize. For illustration a down patient will non desire to venture outside to exert and soothe feeding may do them to derive weight. The precedence in this instance would be to cover with the patient ‘s depression. The nurse could so intercede with other com munity services and societal attention to decide non medical issues which would enable the patient to pull off their weight and addition activities ( Helmore 2009 ) . Peals ( 2010 ) believes nurses should take a lead function on behalf of the GP pool as they are the 1s best placed to place the attention demands of patients with diabetes, they have experience in patient tracts and are able to organize local and professional services. The Department of Health ( 2010 ) has highlighted attention be aftering as an country for betterment to guarantee one hundred per cent of diabetic patients have single attention programs ( DH 2010 ) . Currently it is thought merely 60 per of people with long-run conditions in England have an single attention program ( www.gp-patient.co.uk ) . Diabetes self-management instruction programmes ( DSME ) have been developed to educate and authorise patients to take control of their ain conditions by bettering their cognition and accomplishments to enable them to do informed picks, self-manage and cut down any hazard of complications. DSME besides aims to assist people to get by with physical and mental of life with diabetes ( Ref 21 P 114. These programmes which should be age appropriate can be delivered to persons or groups. ( 6 and 40 P 119 and 120 ) . . ( mention 7 p119 ) . Programmes available include the Expert Patent Programme ( EPP ) , its derivative X-PERT and Diabetes Education and Self-Management for ongoing and freshly diagnosed ( DESMOND ) which are available in all PCT ‘s in the state. These programmes offer the necessary information and accomplishments to people to enable them to pull off their ain diabetes attention and they offer the chance for people with diabetes to portion jobs and solutions on concerns they may hold with on mundane life ( N9 ) . They encourage people to happen their ain solutions to issues such as diet, weight direction and blood glucose control, enlisting the aid of diabetes professionals if needed ( N9 ) . The literature suggests this will ensue in good educated, motivated and empowered patients and systematically supports patient instruction as important to effectual diabetes attention ( utilize many refs ) . Much research has taken topographic point on the effectivity of DSME. Some of which suggests that patients who have non participated in DSME are four times more likely to meet major diabetes complications compared to patients who have been involved in DSME ( Reference ) .Other grounds suggests that it is non possible to set up whether patient instruction is effectual at advancing self-management in the long term to cut down the effects of diabetes or the oncoming of complications and better the patient ‘s quality of life ( mention ) . From surveies that have taken topographic point, it is apparent that although cognition and accomplishments are necessary they are non sufficient on their ain to guarantee good diabetes control. Peoples require ongoing support to prolong the enable them to prolong self-management and therefore the longer period of clip the class run the more likelihood people will stay sceptered ( Ref ) The bulk of people in the UK are offered some signifier diabetes instruction, the majority of which is offered at the clip of diagnosing. Besides the manner, length, content and construction of DSME vary. Very few instruction programmes have been evaluated ; therefore it is non conclusive which intercession scheme is the most effectual for bettering the control of diabetes. The America Diabetes Association suggest that as people are persons and different methods of instruction suit different people, there is no 1 best programme, but by and large programmes which incorporate both psychosocial and behaviour schemes appear to hold the best results. However the Healthcare committee ( 2006 ) found people in England are non being offered equal information about their status to ease effectual self-management. They reported merely eleven per cent of respondents had attended an educational class on how to populate with diabetes and disturbingly 17 per cent of respondents did non even know whether they had type 1 or type 2 diabetes ( Reference 2 P 119 ) . The success of DSME is dependent many discrepancies which include the patient ‘s single features, the context of their societal environment, the extent of the disease, and the patient ‘s interface with the attention and instruction provided. Overall there is a great trade of grounds to propose DSME is the ‘cornerstone ‘ in effectual diabetes attention ( NSF 2001 ) . It is recommended that DSME is delivered by a multi-disciplinary squad together with a comprehensive attention program ( cite 1 ) . Experts agree that effectual direction of diabetes mellitus increases life anticipation and reduces the hazard of complications ( NICE Guidenance for the usage of patient instruction theoretical accounts of diabetes Referece 1 P 119 Changing the wellness related behavior of people with diabetes has been proved to be successful in cut downing or even eliminating the hazard of complications ( mention ) . Many different wellness publicity theoretical accounts of exist which can assist a patient to digest wellness publicity advise and want to alter their wellness related behaviors ( Kawachi 2002 ) . Health publicity theoretical accounts are utile tools to help with this procedure. The Stages of Change wellness publicity is a often used theoretical account for weight direction as it identifies 6 phases of preparedness to alter which helps wellness professionals identify the intercession actions to urge and back up. Standard 3 has besides ensured people with diabetes receive regular attention ( Hicks 2010 ) , although Hillson ( 2009 ) would reason the quality of which is still unfastened to debate. Every individual with diabetes should have the highest criterions of individualized attention, no affair who delivers it or where or when it is delivered. Access to specialist services should be available when required ( Hillson 2009 ) . Diabetes patients receive different criterions of attention depending on whether or non they can go to their physician ‘s surgery ( Knights and Platt 2005 ) . Diabetes patients who are unable to go to the surgery are being overlooked and missed out on testing and reappraisals of their diabetes, accordingly having a lower criterion of attention despite the NSF for Diabetes saying inequalities in proviso of services should be addressed to guarantee a high criterion of attention which meets single patient demands. ( Gadsky 1994, Hall 2005, Harris 2005, ) . Until late the territory nursing squad were some of the few professionals who provided attention in the place for diabetes patients and merely normally had input with diabetes patients when intervention was required for a complication ( Wrobel 2001 ) . District nurses have historically been seen as Renaissance mans and able to supply attention and intervention for patients with a broad scope of conditions and hence do non needfully have specialist disease cognition ( Hale 2004 ) . Sargant ( 2002 ) agree with this and suggests the quality and rede territory nurses give to diabetic patients is questionable as they do n’t hold the in-depth degree of cognition in relation to diabetes. In acknowledgment of the incompatibility of attention being provided to patients with chronic unwellnesss in their ain places, the function of Community Matron was introduced in 2004 to guarantee patients with diabetes receive the first category service advocated by the Department of Health ( 1999 ) and the NHS PLAN ( 2000 ) by pull offing their all embracing attention demands and aid patients efficaciously manage their long term conditions which in theory should ensue in cut down hospital admittances. ( NHS Improvement Plan 2004 ) . However a survey conducted by Gravelle et Al ( 2006 ) would propose the Community Matron function has non been effectual in cut downing hospital admittances. Forbes et Al ( 2004 ) concurs that territory nurses, given the clip and with the right preparation could widen their functions and satisfactory undertake appropriate attention for housebound people with diabetes. However Brookes ( 2002 ) suggests preparation and resources are large issues and Harris ( 2005 ) says that territory nurses may non be carry throughing their Professional Code of Conduct by neglecting to care sufficiently for this group of patients ( Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008 ) . The turning prevalence of diabetes and the drain on NHS resources continues to be a concern for the UK, in footings of life quality and life anticipation of patients. Many wellness inequalities exist for people with diabetes ; there are proved links with fleshiness and want ; and diabetes attention provided is non equal for all patients. Patients who are able to go to their GP surgery receive better attention than those who are housebound, although this inequality is being addressed and attention is bettering. The NSF for Diabetes is a utile model for health care professionals to follow when supplying attention for people with diabetes. The quality of diabetes attention has improved since this model has been introduced. However, the execution of some recommendations has been slow and will non be complete until 2013. Patient instruction is paramount to successful diabetes control and there appears no uncertainty that the key to successfully decelerating the oncoming of diabetes and th e recognised associated complications is to prosecute patients in DSME. How to cite Public Health Issue Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Marginal and absorption costing comparison Essay Example For Students

Marginal and absorption costing comparison Essay In today s complex and altering concern contexts, direction requires daily and accurate information about the concern and costs incurred for taking the right determinations to avoid all possible wastages and losingss and to increase the efficiency of the concern. The direction will be able to do proper assessment of the productiveness and public presentation of the employees merely if it uses effectual bing methods. Rigorous attachment to a peculiar costing method has been considered to be extremely important because bing methods that a concern adopts can play critical functions in the growing of advanced fabrication engineerings and concern doctrines. Marginal costing and soaking up costing are the basic two methods of bing that are used for managerial determination devising. This research paper outlines comparing and contrasting of fringy costing with soaking up bing to be presented to the director of Ball Dolbear Ltd that I late joined as an comptroller. This paper describes the significance and basic rules of both fringy costing and soaking up costing. The managerial constructs and significance of both these methods are detailed in this paper. Outline1 Fringy Costing: Basic rules2 Absorption Costing3 Fringy Costing and Absorption Costing: Comparison4 Major differences between soaking up costing and Marginal Costing5 Absorption costing and Marginal Costing Contrasted6 Decision Fringy Costing: Basic rules Both soaking up costing and fringy or variable costing are types of merchandise bing systems. Absorption or full costing includes direct stuffs, direct labour and both variable and fixed fabricating operating expense in the merchandise costs whereas variable costing does nt include fabrication fixed costs along with direct stuff and direct labour ( Weygandt, Keiso and Kimmel, 2005, p. 265 ) , . Fringy costing is the basic tool that helps direction in taking most appropriate determinations and understands accurate cost constructions. Fringy costing or variable bing considers direct stuffs, direct labour and variable fabrication operating expense costs as merchandise costs. Under fringy costing, variable costs are attributed to be units for a fixed period and fixed costs are written off in full against the entire part. ( Lucey and Lucey, 2002, p. 296 ) . Nigam, Nigam and Jain ( 2004 ) defined fringy costing as the costing technique that charges merely the variable costs to the cost units ( p. 398 ) . Harmonizing to CIMA nomenclature of fringy costing, it is a rule whereby variable costs are charged to the cost units and fixed costs attributable to the relevant period is written off in full against the part of that period ( Bhattacharyya, 2005, p. 68 ) . Cost of a unit consists merely of out of pocket costs that are direct, variable or evitable costs. These costs that are incurred if specific merchandises are manufactured and sold. Fringy bing considers cost behaviour. Costss are variable or fixed, but, fringy costing takes in to account merely variable costing ( Bendrey, Hussey and West, 2003, p. 127 ) Fringy cost is variable costs attributed to the production costs because it varies harmonizing to the alterations in the production every bit good as concluding end product. When one excess unit of the merchandise is manufactured, the excess cost incurred for the fabrication of that excess unit will ever be variable because the fixed costs are changeless. Fringy costing is an priceless direction accounting technique that is used to supply managerial information about net income and volume relationship and costs incurred in the concern. Marginal bing therefore facilitates effectual managerial determination devising, rating, cost control and monitoring and net income planning etc ( Glautier and Underdown, 2001, p. 441 ) . Absorption Costing Absorption costing is a bing methods in which all fabrication costs including both variable and fixed costs are attributed to the production costs. Absorption bing or full costing is a technique which absorbs or recovers both fixed and variable costs. The cost of a unit is taken as variable cost per unit plus an allocated portion of the fixed operating expenses ( Jawahar-Lal, 2008, p. 627, Nigam, Nigam and Jain, 2004, p. 398 ) . Community Buliding EssayCost Elementss of Product Cost The merchandising and administrative disbursals, allow it be fixed or variable nature, are considered as period costs and these are non considered as merchandise costs in both soaking up and fringy costing methods. But, fixed mill operating expense is treated wholly different in both soaking up and fringy costing methods. Fixed operating expenses are brought in to all computations on the premise that they are to be recovered. But in fringy costing, fixed operating expenses are considered irrelevant for short tally determinations ( Jawahar-Lal, 2008, p. 628, Nigam, Nigam and Jain, 2004, p. 399 ) . Jobs and Merchandises Fringy costing are seen more realistic than the method of soaking up costing. It is because fringy costing considers merely those costs that are easy attributable and identifiable to the occupation or a merchandise ( Chadwick, 1993, p. 77 ) . Fringy costing is more suited, dependable and accurate with internal fiscal coverage, where as soaking up costing is most appropriate for external fiscal coverage and analysis. Net-income Fixed operating expenses are treated otherwise in fringy costing and soaking up costing and therefore it is obvious that the net income consequence in both of these costing tools will needfully ; y be different as good. Appropriateness for Decision Making Absorption bing can non be used for managerial determination devising because the costs that it takes in to account are imprecise in nature. Normally, fringy costing is widely recommended for managerial determination devising as the costs that it considers are traceable to a peculiar merchandise and hence it is utile for managerial determination devising. Absorption costing and Marginal Costing Contrasted The undermentioned illustration can exemplify how net income computation and stock rating differ while utilizing soaking up costing and fringy costing methods. Following are the information available from a company Fixed fabrication costs = $ 40, 000 per annum Variable operating expenses = $ 2 per unit Direct stuffs and direct labour costs= $ 3 per unit Gross saless are changeless at 1000 units per annum at $ 12 each Production in the first twelvemonth = 1200 uniots, in Second year= 1500 units, in the 3rd year= 1900 units The consequences under the two methods are as follows: Gross net income differences calculated under soaking up costing and fringy costing methods: Graphic representation Decision This research paper has highlighted the basic differences between fringy costing and soaking up costing. Absorption and fringy costing are fundamentally different in footings of handling the operating expenses, stock list rating, rightness for decision-making, net income and methods of computation. This paper has outlined how both these bing methods can act upon net income consequences and therefore delivers different net income figures when production or gross revenues fluctuate or gross revenues exceeds production figures.

Shinzo Abe - Joint Session of Congress Address free essay sample

Simple Créer (to Create) Verb Conjugations in French

Simple 'Crà ©er' (to Create) Verb Conjugations in French In French, the verb  crà ©er  means to create. When you want to change it to another tense like created or creating, you will need to conjugate it. The good news is that this verb is relatively straightforward and similar to the majority of French verbs. Conjugating the French Verb  Crà ©er French verb conjugations are different than those in English. When conjugating a French verb, we must change the verb ending to match both the subject pronoun and the desired tense. Doing this can be confusing for French students, but it becomes easier with each new verb you learn. Crà ©er  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. Simply pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense needed for your sentence. For instance, I created is jai crà ©Ãƒ © and we will create is nous crà ©erons. Practicing these in context will help with memorization. Subject Present Future Imperfect je crà ©e crà ©erai crà ©ais tu crà ©es crà ©eras crà ©ais il crà ©e crà ©era crà ©ait nous crà ©ons crà ©erons crà ©ions vous crà ©ez crà ©erez crà ©iez ils crà ©ent crà ©eront crà ©aient The Present Participle of  Crà ©er The  present participle  of  crà ©er  is  crà ©ant.  This acts as a verb, though it can also become a gerund, adjective, or noun in some contexts. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © A  common way to express the past tense created in French is with the  passà © composà ©. To construct this, begin with the subject pronoun and the proper conjugate of the  auxiliary verb  avoir. Then, add the  past participle  crà ©Ãƒ ©. As an example, I created is jai crà ©Ãƒ © and we created is nous avons crà ©Ãƒ ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and that the past participle does not change. More Simple  Crà ©er  Conjugations The subjunctive verb mood will be used when the verb is uncertain. Similarly, the conditional implies that something may not happen unless something else also happens. The passà © composà © and imperfect subjunctive are primarily literary forms and are often found in writing. While you may not use all these forms, its important to at least know about them. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je crà ©e crà ©erais crà ©ai crà ©asse tu crà ©es crà ©erais crà ©as crà ©asses il crà ©e crà ©erait crà ©a crà ©Ãƒ ¢t nous crà ©ions crà ©erions crà ©Ãƒ ¢mes crà ©assions vous crà ©iez crà ©eriez crà ©Ãƒ ¢tes crà ©assiez ils crà ©ent crà ©eraient crà ©Ãƒ ¨rent crà ©assent To express  crà ©er  in the imperative form  is easy. Keep things short and sweet for these assertive sentences and skip the subject pronoun. Rather than tu crà ©e, use crà ©e alone. Imperative (tu) crà ©e (nous) crà ©ons (vous) crà ©ez

Museum Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Museum Assignment - Essay Example A tablet known as a cuneiform was majorly used for this purpose to keep records of special events like marriage or even some form of certificate (Cunningham & Reich 345). Generally, the art is classified according to various historical periods the first of which is the Achaemenid Persian empire between 550-330 B.C where art was mainly carvings of animals and gods. This was followed by the Akkadian period between 2900-2350 B.C and art was done on a tablet almost resembling cuneiform tablet done by the majority population of Semites in the region. The last major historical art development was in the 3rd millennium B.C, it was more civilized and in some cases, art was done on metal. The items are preserved in museums like the metropolitan art museum consisting of pottery, bronze horse-like art and even silver vessels. The sculptures were not just for aesthetic purposes, but were also for other purposes (Winter 432). For instance, we have looked at it as a way of storing information and such information are likened by the author as current text books used in schools for educational purposes. Both Winter (543) and Stockstad (31) agree on pieces of art as being important sources of historical happenings. In the near east, they are used to depict civilization for example the improvement from utilizing wood to metal. The kind of art changed from horse carts and animal labor to a more improved form of transport in the near east. Art keeps evolving and is an important source of intrigue in different

Training & Development Assessment for Ford Motor Company Human Essay

Training & Development Assessment for Ford Motor Company Human Resources Department - Essay Example The objectives of the Ford automaker are basically to consolidate its brand image, get closer to its customers and ensure customer satisfaction through high quality products and service. Staff training is essential, because the need for effective employees becomes greater, demanding both initial and continuous training. Ford Company has entered a new phase of sustained growth which should last for over 10 years. Historically, the demand for new automotive service technicians has been critical. Those entering the industry with recognized credentials can accelerate their career. This profile will dramatically change in the next few years as higher quality cars produced by foreign venture auto makers begin to take over the main share of the car parc. To support this growth and shift in vehicle make-up, the Ford structure and key players will also change dramatically. This dynamism could offer attractive opportunity to foreign companies in the parts and service businesses. For Ford Company training is necessary to ensure an adequate supply of staff who are technically and socially competent, and capable of career advancement into specialist departments or management positions. There is, therefore, a continual need for the process of staff development, and training fulfils an important part of this process. Training should be viewed, therefore, as an integral pan of the process of total quality management. Organizational level. In a time of rapidly changing technologies and ever-shorter product life cycles, product development often proceeds at a glacial pace. In an age of the customer, order fulfillment has high error rates and customer enquiries go unanswered for weeks. In a period when asset utilization is critical, inventory levels exceed many months of demand (Bateman, Snell, 2004). The usual methods of boosting performance - process rationalization and automation - haven't yielded the dramatic improvements for Ford Company need. In particular, heavy investments in information technology have delivered disappointing results - largely because companies tend to use technology to mechanize old ways of doing business. According to the survey provided by Ford (www.ford.com) the quantity of defective articles and spoilage are rather high because many new employees feel lack of experience to perform a particular type of work. This situation is observed in Fords' subsidiaries located in less developed countries. For instance, the level of spoilage caused by welding and sanding is about 20 % (permissible level is about 5-7%). In this very case, training is therefore a key element of improved organisational performance as it increases the level of individual and organisational competence. It helps to reconcile the gap between what should happen, and desire-targets and standards of performance; and what is happening and levels of work performance. Personal level. In Ford company performance deficiencies result from motivational problem which is closely connected with lack of skills. To improve this situation Ford Company needs to train employees taking into account rapid environmental changes. The purpose of training is to improve knowledge and skills, and to change negative attitude towards training activities. This can lead to many potential benefits for both individuals and the organisation. Training can: increase the confidence, motivation and commitment of staff;

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example For example, the right information concerning diet and exercise keep changing depending on the introduction of new approaches and techniques. This means that a person who can identify fresh information and discard stale facts is likely to utilize the internet appropriately. The end of life decisions in the absence of a prior arrangement is the prerogative of the next of kin. It is fundamental to notice that decisions made concerning end of life should focus on the needs of the loved ones who are left behind. For example, a woman who fails to leave documentation concerning end of life can have her son make these choices. The government advocates for a proxy or agent especially when the victim lacks close relations. This means that the government through coordination with the care providers could make the appropriate decisions. The options mentioned above are circumstantial because the law often takes precedence based on cases that were previously determined. Nevertheless, the close relations have the advantage when making these

Hearing Loss from Mobile Phone Use

Hearing Loss from Mobile Phone Use Discussion Mobile phones have become a part of modern life style. There has been rapid boom in the number of mobile phones in the recent decade. This rapid worldwide expansion of mobile telephones raises questions regarding possible effects of the emitted radiofrequencies on the health of the consumers. The electromagnetic waves can affect the human health ranging from increase the blood pressure, cause memory loss and induce migraines, hearing impairment to even cancer can also occur. Of all the anatomical structures, the ear is in the closest proximity to the mobile phones, hence most potential organ system to be damaged by the electromagnetic waves emitted from the mobile phones. Pure tone audiometry is a key hearing test for assessment of hearing threshold of the individual. It determines the degree of hearing loss and also type and configuration of hearing loss. Pure tone audiometry uses both air and bone conduction audiometry, the type of loss can be identified by the air-bone gap. In our study, while comparing the results of pure tone audiometry in controls (n=60) and total cases (n=60), it was found that in control group 51 individuals had normal hearing threshold, 08 had mild hearing loss and 01 had moderate hearing loss. Of the total cases, 39 had normal hearing threshold, 19 had mild hearing loss and 2 had moderate hearing loss. No individual in the cases or control group had severe or profound hearing loss. Chi square test with yates correction was applied for statistical analysis of the data, and difference was found to be significant (p value0.05). While comparing the results of distorted product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) in controls (n=60) and cases Group A (n=30), it was found that in cases group A, 19 individuals passed the test and 11 individuals failed the DPOAE test. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis of the data, and results were not found to be significant (p value>0.05). On comparing the results of distorted product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) in controls (n=60) and cases Group B (n=30), it was found that in cases group B, 15 individuals passed the test and 15 individuals failed the DPOAE test. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis of the data, and results were not found to be significant (p value>0.05). The European project EMFnEAR, was done to assess the harmful effects of short term electromagnetic waves emitted from UTMS mobile device over the outer hair cells. Functioning of outer hair cells was assessed by DPOAE. They concluded that short term exposure to EMFs of mobile phones does not cause measurable immediate effects on the human auditory system. Renzo R et al also conducted a similar study to assess the short term effects of mobile phone use on ear, assessed by transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and brainstem evoked audiometry response. The study parameters were similar to our study but they studied the short term effects of EMFs in contrast to our study where we tried to find the effects of long term exposure. They did not find any change in the auditory functions, before and after the short exposure to electromagnetic radiations. Ozturan et al assessed transient evoked OAE and distorted product OAE in adults exposed to 10 min telephone call using GSM mobile phones. The tests were done before and after the exposure. They concluded that otoacoustic emissions did not change after the electromagnetic waves exposure. Bamiou DE et al also reported that there was no change in the transient evoked otoacoustic emission, due to electromagnetic waves of mobile phones. S Bhagat et al, studied the effects of chronic exposure to EMF emitted from mobile phone on inner ear by using distorted product otoacoustic emissions. Individuals using mobile phones for more than 4 years were studied. It was concluded that long-term and frequent exposure to EMFs from mobile phone does not cause damage to outer hair cells of cochlea. P. Karthikeyan et al did a study on hundred students who were mobile phone users. They were divided into two groups of more than and less than two hours of mobile usage. DPAOE was done and compared to controls. Significant change in DPOAE was seen in cases, more so in group with more than two hours of cell phone usage. Alsanosi AA et al did a study to assess the immediate consequences of 60 minutes exposure to mobile phones on hearing function by determining changes in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and hearing threshold levels (HTLs). They concluded that sixty minutes of close exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by a mobile phone had an immediate effect on HTL assessed by pure-tone audiogram and inner ear (assessed by DPOAE) in young human subjects. While in our study, on comparing DPOAE, we did not find any significant difference between the total cases and controls. On comparing the each sub group of cases to controls, no statistically significant difference was noted. This is in concurrence with most of the studies done in India and abroad. Though, P. Karthikeyan and Alsanosi have shown different results from those observed in our study. Though a lot of research publications are available in favour of and against the results observed in our study, but in all these studies studied the effects of electromagnetic frequencies of mobile phones on functioning of outer hair cells, but no criteria was taken as standard for comparison as different duration (in years) of exposure, different hours per day of use, and acute effect v/s chronic effects. The major limitation of epidemiological studies addressing the health effects of mobile phone use is related to exposure assessment. Also, other factors were not taken in account like exposure to noise, which is known to cause damage to outer hair cells much before any change in pure tone audiometry is seen (Anjali Desai et al, 1999) (RJ Salvi ea at, 2000). So, with all these factors nothing can be said with much certainty. Further research is needed to establish the effect of EMF on outer hair cells. The present scientific evidences are insufficient to support the belief that there will be no ill effects on human health and the present safety standards are enough to protect users from ill effects, if any. This present situation of scientific uncertainty calls for the requirement of both precautionary measures and further research. Ill effects of mobile phone use on health might be of the field of interest for future research. We conclude from our study that: mobile telephones should be used for short periods only, only for essential purposes, and unnecessary long conversation over mobile phones should be avoided.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

In its tumultuous, nearly 40-year history, affirmative action has been both praised and pilloried as an answer to racial inequality. The policy was introduced in 1965 by President Johnson as a method of redressing discrimination that had persisted in spite of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. "This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights," Johnson asserted. "We seek†¦ not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result." Focusing in particular on education and jobs, affirmative action policies required that active measures be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoyed the same opportunities for promotions, salary increases, career advancement, school admissions, scholarships, and financial aid that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites. From the outset, affirmative action was envisioned as a temporary remedy that would end once there was a "level playing field" for all Americans. By the late '70s, however, flaws in the policy began to show up amid its good intentions. Reverse discrimination became an issue, epitomized by the famous Bakke case in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white male, had been rejected two years in a row by a medical school that had accepted less qualified minority applicants—the school had a separate admissions policy for minorities and reserved 16 out of 100 places for minority students. The Supreme Court outlawed inflexible quota systems in affirmative action programs, which in this case had unfairly discriminated against a white applicant. In the same ruling, however, the Court upheld the legality of affirmative action per se. Fueled by "angry white men," a backlash against affirmative action began to mount. To conservatives, the system was a zero-sum game that opened the door for jobs, promotions, or education to minorities while it shut the door on whites. In a country that prized the values of self-reliance and pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps, conservatives resented the idea that some unqualified minorities were getting a free ride on the American system. "Preferential treatment" and "quotas" became expressions of contempt. Even more contentious was the accusation that some minorities enjoyed playing the role of professional victim. Why could some minorities who had also experienced terrible adversity and racism—Jews and Asians, in particular—manage to make the American way work for them without government handouts? Liberals countered that "the land of opportunity" was a very different place for the European immigrants who landed on its shores than it was for those who arrived in the chains of slavery.